source: doc/design @ 302f477

OVERVIEW

ABAC proves attributes about principals.

libabac is comprised of three main types of objects: credentials, roles,
and contexts.

A typical use of ABAC is:

    - create a context
    - load some certificates
    - add more certificates, possibly presented by another party
    - make a query 'does principal B have the role A.r1?'
         or a query 'is object B part of the oset A.o1?' 

CREDENTIAL

An ABAC credential is the most basic unit of an ABAC proof. 

It is a signed assertion by a principal A that some other entity has a 
role r1.  Abstractly, it is one of the following (A, B principals;
r1, r2, r3 roles):

    A.r1 <- B
    A.r1 <- B.r2
    A.r1 <- B.r2.r3

It is a signed assertion by a principal A that some other entity is
an object of oset o1. (A, B principals; r1 role; o1, o2 osets; O object):

    A.o1 <- O
    A.o1 <- B.o2
    A.o1 <- B.r1.o2


When interacting with libabac, a credential is represented by an X509
attribute certificates and the associated issuer X509 identity
certificate.

A principal is represented by the SHA1 hash of the public key of its
identity certificate. Therefore when a credential is encoded in an
attribute certificate, it will look something along the lines of:

    e65aace9237833ec775253cfde97f59a0af5bc3d.frobnicate <-
        e93547826455a80d9488825a1d083ef6ef264107

ROLE

ABAC roles are the atomic units that form the head and tail of a
credential. The head will always be a proper role, which is to say it
takes form:

    A.r1

As seen in the CREDENTIAL section, the tail of a role can take one of
three forms:

    principal:      B
    role:           B.r2
    linking role:   B.r2.r3

For more information about the different types of roles, refer to
[Li03rt].

OSET

ABAC osets are the atomic units that form the head and tail of a
credential. The head will always be a proper oset, which is to say it
takes form:

    A.o1

As seen in the CREDENTIAL section, the tail of a oset can take one of
three forms:

    object:         O 
    oset:           B.o2
    linking oset:   B.r2.o3


CONTEXT

An ABAC context object encapsulates a set of ABAC credentials and its
associated YAP clause db. The context supports the following operations:

    - load X509 identity certificate
    - load X509 attribute certificate
    - list all the credentials (attribute identity certificate pairs)
    - query whether a principal has a given role
    - query whether an object belongs to a given o-set

RT2

RT2 is an more expressive logic than the original RT0 logic that ABAC
supported.

The RT2 specification extends the existing RT0 notation in 5 ways:

        * More general principal specification to allow room for other
          identity providers
        * Explicit syntax for specifying RT2 objects
        * Explicit type information to differentiate roles and o-sets.
        * Explicit type information for RT1 and RT2 parameters
        * Syntax for constraints

These additions make the syntax both much less terse and much less
ambiguous. 

A few words about RT1 and RT2 before we describe syntax.  RT1 parameterizes
roles, that is, it attaches ordered, typed data to roles.  It also adds
matching requirements to role derivations, including constraints.  The
RT1 rule

A.r(?x, ?y) <- A.s(1, ?y:[1..3]) & A.t(?y, ?x)

requires that all instances of ?x and ?y on the right side have the same
type and that the constraints on ?y in the first term are valid for that
type.  There's no explicit typing in the rule notation of the papers,
which this specification addresses.

The data types in the papers inlcude integers, floats, dates, closed
enumerations, and open enumerations.  Closed enumerations are things
like C or C++ enums, with boolean being a specific example.  Open
enumerations include things like principals.  For tractability we're
going to want to define a specific set of data types, which we do
below.

RT2 allows principals to label data in the same way that they label
principals.  The ABAC authors helpfully use the exact same syntax for
assigining a label to a data object as they do for assigning a role to a
principal, but the semantics are slightly different.  We add syntax
that clarfies when data is being labelled and when principals are being
labelled.  These "data roles" are called o-sets.

On with the specification, from the basic chunks up to rules.

Principal Names

We've been using self-signed X.509 identity certificates as identities,
and that's been a useful way to get started, but it would be nice to be
able to use other identities in the future.  Now a principal name is not
marked in the representation at all.  New principal IDs will be of the
form: [idtype:A].  The idtype will define what valid characters in A
will be, but in any event "]" must be escaped with a backslash. 

The current id's will be of idtype 'keyid', so only applying the
principal extensions, the role A.r would be written [keyid:A].r, where A
is the sha1 hash of the public key.  keyid principal names can include
[0-9a-fA-F] (hex digits).

I'm going to continue to use [keyid:A] here so not everything runs off
the page.

Data Objects

The RT1 and RT2 parameters are loosely data objects.  RT1 allows one to
reason about them, RT2 adds the ability to have principals make
statements about these data objects.  Just as we need to represent
principals including their type, we need to represent objects with their
type.  We support following types:

        int: 32-bit signed integers
        float: floats in the range of an IEEE float.
        time: a time expressed as yyyymmddThhmmss where the lower case
                letters are digits and the T is a T.  Zulu time,
                everything after the T is optional
        boolean: true or false
        urn: a resource named by a URN
        string: a UTF-8 string.  This is a free space for people to
                define local free-form attributes

A particular object is specified by:

[ type: name] 

Objects are always specified this way, because rules and assignments may
come from many places and the typing information must mesh. 

Examples:

        [boolean: true]
        [int: 3454] 
        [float: -323.0] also [ float: 1]
        [time: 20111109T122300] also [ time: 20101010T]
        [urn:"file:///usr/local/bin/ls"]
        [urn:"uuid://106c0cdd-0afb-11e1-90d8-14feb5e4012d"]
        [string:"a string"]

Roles and O-Sets

In the ABAC papers, roles and o-sets look exactly alike, and one may
have trouble understanding that they are different.  This spec
explicitly types them for clarity.  Roles are prefixed by "role:" and
o-sets by "oset:".

The rule that places principal P in role A.r is written in the paper as

A.r <- P

In our notation:

[keyid:A].role:r <- [keyid:P]

The rule that places file P in o-set A.r is written in the paper as

A.r <- P

In our notation:

[keyid:A].oset:r <- ["urn:file://P"]

Similarly derivation rules like:

A.r <- B.r

become 

[keyid:A].role:r <- [keyid:B].role:r

or

[keyid:A].oset:r <- [keyid:B].oset:r

depending on their intent.  It is an error to try (or probably to think):

[keyid:A].oset:r <- [keyid:B].role:r

Note also that

[keyid:A].oset:os <- [keyid:B].role:r.oset:os

Is the only valid linking credential for assigning o-sets.
[keyid:B].role:r is a set of principals that may have defined an o-set
(oset:os), but the members of an o-set could not have done so.

Variables

Both RT1 and RT2 allow rules defining roles or o-sets to match
parameters using variable bindings.  We illustrate with roles here,
though all of this holds for o-sets.  The variables may be named to
specify connections between the role to be defined and the roles used to
define it.

For example the rule (in paper notation):

A.evaluatorOf(?x) <- A.managerOf(?x)

means that if 

A.managerOf(mikeryan) <- faber

then 

A.evaluatorOf(mikeryan) <- faber 

is also true.  The two ?x es bind to the same thing.  For more complex
rules, we have to make sure that the types are also consistent:

A.example(?x) <- A.isInteger(?x) & A.isFloat(?x)

?x is not allowed to match an integer-typed data object in the first
clause and a float-typed one in the second.  The papers say this is an
invalid rule, but without knowing the types of the parameters it cannot
be checked.

We adopt the same variable naming convention, but require them to be
prefixed with the types above.  Variable names start with a ?, followed
by a capitalized character and can contain [_\-a-zA-Z0-9], that is, 
alphanumerics, underscore and the hyphens.  ? is a valid anonymous 
variable name.  Multiple instances of ? in the same rule can bind to 
different types.

This is OK:

[keyid:A].role:weird([urn:?X]) <- [keyid:B].role:a([urn:?X], [int:?]) & 
        [keyid:C].role:b([urn:?X], [boolean:?])

Other examples:

[keyid:A].role:example([int:?X]) <- [keyid:A].role:isInteger([int:?X]) &
        [keyid:A].role:isFloat([int:?X])

is valid

[keyid:A].role:example([int:?X]) <- [keyid:A].role:isInteger([int:?X]) &
        [keyid:A].role:isFloat([float:?X])

is not, because the types of ?X are different.


In addition to the data object types, the "principal" type is allowed as
well, indicating that the variable must match an ABAC principal.  The
first example in this section is written:

[keyid:A].role:evaluatorOf([principal:?X]) <- 
        [keyid:A].role:managerOf([principal:?X])

Constraints

A constraint is a static (RT1) or dynamic (RT2) set of valid choices for
a parameter.  There are two kinds of constraint sets, static and
dynamic.  A dynamic constraint set is an o-set or role.  Static
constraint sets are a list of valid values.  Constraints are separated
from a variable name by a colon (:).

We specify a static set by enclosing the values in [] separated by
commas.  Because the set is bound to a typed variable, the values 
in the set can omit the [type:], so we write:

[keyid:A].role:r([int:?X:[1,3,5]) 

not

[keyid:A].role:r([int:?X:[[int:1],[int:3],[int:5]]]) 

For ordered sets like integers, floats and dates, the .. sequence 
specifies a range:

[keyid:A].role:r(int:?X:[1..5])

in static constraint sets, commas, elipses (..), and the bracket
characters [, ] must be escaped using a backslash (\) prefix.

The constraint can also be an o-set (for objects) or a role (for a principal).

[keyid:A].role:r([principal:?X:[[keyid:A].role:r1]) 
[keyid:A].role:r([urn:?X:[[keyid:A].oset:o1]) 

A Complex Example

The example on p. 10 of "Design of a Role-Based Trust Management
Framework" starts with the rule

Alpha.fileAc(read, ?F:Alpha.documents(?proj)) <- Alpha.team(?proj)

and says that given 

Alpha.documents(proj1) <- fileA
Alpha.team(proj1) <- Bob

one can conclude 

Alpha.fileAc(read, fileA) <- Bob

In our notation the initial rule is encoded (note the mingling of o-sets
and roles)

[keyid:Alpha].role:fileAc([string:"read"], 
        [string:?F:[keyid:Alpha].oset:documents([string:?proj])]) 
                <- [keyid:Alpha].role:team([string:?proj])

and given 

[keyid:Alpha].oset:documents([string:"proj1"]) <- [string:"fileA"]
[keyid:Alpha].role:team([string:"proj1"]) <- [keyid:Bob]

one can conclude 

[keyid:Alpha].role:fileAc([string:"read"], [string:"fileA"]) <- [keyid:Bob]

It is more verbose, but draws out the different roles and o-sets in
play.  

REFERENCES

[Li03rt]
    Li, N. and Mitchell, J. C. RT: A role-based trust-management
    framework. In Proceedings of the Third DARPA Information
    Survivability Conference and Exposition. IEEE Computer Society
    Press, 201­212.



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